까치의 강 작수(鵲水)가 흑해 위에 있다

I. 흑해 주위의 역사

 

최근에 필자는 '왕건의 해상세력은 누구인가?'와 " 후고구려 궁예 시기의 수도 철원(흑양)과 한탄강은 어디인가?"라는 글을 쓰면서 흑해위에서 고려의 역사, 후고구려의 역사가 있는 것을 추정했다. (아래 글 참조)

 

https://lostcorea.tistory.com/1867

왕건의 해상세력은 누구인가?

 

 

https://lainfos.tistory.com/362

후고구려 궁예 시기의 수도 철원(흑양)과 한탄강은 어디인가?

 

 

II. Kryvyi Rih에서 합류하는 Inhulets 강과 Saksahan강

 

상기 글에서 필자는 철원이 Kryvyi Rih라 추정했다. 그런데 이 Kryvyi Rih를 지나는 Inhulets river가 있는데, 드네프로강의 오른쪽 지류이며, 이 Inhulets강의 왼쪽 지류가  Saksahan river이며, Kryvyi Rih에서 Inhulets river와 합류 한다. Inhulets river는 남쪽으로 흘러 흑해로 들어간다. (아래 지료 참조)

 

Location of Kryvyi Rih in Ukraine (source : Wikipedia)

 

"The Inhulets (Ukrainian: Інгулець) is a river, a right tributary of the Dnieper, that flows through Ukraine. It has a length of 557 kilometres (346 mi) and a drainage basin of 14,460 square kilometres (5,580 sq mi).[2]

The Inhulets has its source in the Dnieper Upland in a ravine (balka) to the west of Topylo village,[2] in the Kropyvnytskyi Raion of Kirovohrad Oblast, about 30 kilometres (19 mi) from the Dnieper river, to which it initially flows parallel. The Inhulets turns south, where it flows through Kryvbas Iron Ore Basin, and the Kherson and Mykolaiv Oblasts, before finally flowing into the Dnieper about 30 kilometres (19 mi) east of the city of Kherson. The river flows through southern spurs of the Dnieper Uplands and then across the Black Sea Lowland.[2] The upper portion of the Inhulets basin is in the forest steppe zone, the lower part within the Pontic steppe.[2]

 

 Etymology :  Turkic iyen-kul, "wide lake"[1]

 

(source: Inhulets, Wikipedia, 인용출처 : 필자의 티스토리 블로그(lostcorea), 카테고리, Kievan Rus')

 

 

The boat station (built in 1957) at the historical confluence with the Saksahan river in Kryvyi Rih

 

"The Saksahan (Ukrainian: Саксагань) is a river in Ukraine, in the southeastern part of the Dnieper Upland.[1] It is a left tributary of the Inhulets (Dnieper basin), joining the Inhulets in the city of Kryvyi Rih.

 

The name is derived, according to some sources, from the Turkic word Saksagan (magpie).

A village of the same name is found on the left (west) bank of the river.

 

The river lends its name to Saksahansky urban district of Kryvyi Rih city.[2] 

(source : Saksahan, Wikipedia, 인용출처 : 필자의 티스토리 블로그(lostcorea), 카테고리, Kievan Rus')

 

 

III. 튀르크어 Saksagan 강은 까치의 강 작수 (鵲水)

 

상기 두 강은 각각 튀르어로 다른 이름이 있다. (상기 자료 참조)

Inhulets :   Turkic iyen-kul, "wide lake"[1]

Saksahan : Turkic word Saksagan (magpie).

 

즉 Inhulets강은 튀르크어로 Iyen-kul  그리고 뜻은 넓은 호수라 한단다. Iyen-kul은 연골로 익힌다. 골은 우리 말의 골짜기에 해당하는데, 튀르크어에서는 호수라는 의미로 쓰이는 것이다. 필자는 이러한 예를 코카서스 산맥 아래의 같은 튀르크어권인 아제르바이젠 지역에서 많이 보아 왔다. 예를 들어, Mara-gol, Lake Goygol, Boyuk Alagol, Lake Aggol 등이다. (이들에 대한 구체적인 자료는 필자의 티스토리 블로그(lostcorea), 카테고리, 코카서스 참조)

 

Saksahan강은 튀르크어로 Saksagan이라 하며, magpie, 즉 까치를 의미한다 한다. 필자는 처음에는 그냥 지나쳤는데, 가만히 생각해 보니 까치 작(鵲) 자를 쓴  작수가 아닌가 한다. Saks-agan에서 Saks는 삭스-> 삭수-> 작수가 아닌가 한다.  그러면 이러한 새에 비유한 강이름의 예가 있는가 궁금했다. 그런데 필자가 언뜻 까마귀의 강인 오수(烏水)를 본 기억이 나서 찾아 보았다. 아래 자료에서 보듯이 중국의 전한시대에서 당나라시기까지 안정군에 오지현이 있는데, 이 설명에서 오수(烏水)가 설명된다. (아래 자료 참조) 즉 오수의 예가 있으니 작수(까치의 강)이 있을 수 있는 것이다. 

 

 

오지현

烏氏縣

구위안시 남동

오수{烏水, 지금의 청수하(淸水河)}가 서쪽에서 나와 북쪽으로 하수로 들어간다. 도로산(都盧山)이 서쪽에 있다.

 

(자료 : 안정군(전한 - 당나라), 위키백과, 인용출처: 필자의 티스토리 블로그(lainfos), 카테고리, 키예프 루스)

 

즉 위 두개의 강이름이 모두 우리말과 연관이 있는 것으로 보인다. 즉 필자가 철원을 Kryvyi Rih라고 추정한 것이 더욱 힘을 받는 것이다. 그리고 튀르크어와 한국어의 연관성에 대해서는 보다 깊은 연구가 필요 하겠지만, 한국어가 튀르크와 매우 유사하다고 인식되고 있다. (아래 자료 참조)

 

"Turkic languages show many similarities with the Mongolic, Tungusic, Koreanic, and Japonic languages.........

The possibility of a genetic relation between Turkic and Korean, independently from Altaic, is suggested by some linguists.[54][55][56] The linguist Kabak (2004) of the University of Würzburg states that Turkic and Korean share similar phonology as well as morphology. Li Yong-Sŏng (2014)[55] suggest that there are several cognates between Turkic and Old Korean. He states that these supposed cognates can be useful to reconstruct the early Turkic language. According to him, words related to nature, earth and ruling but especially to the sky and stars seem to be cognates.

 

The linguist Choi[56] suggested already in 1996 a close relationship between Turkic and Korean regardless of any Altaic connections:

In addition, the fact that the morphological elements are not easily borrowed between languages, added to the fact that the common morphological elements between Korean and Turkic are not less numerous than between Turkic and other Altaic languages, strengthens the possibility that there is a close genetic affinity between Korean and Turkic.

— Choi Han-Woo, A Comparative Study of Korean and Turkic (Hoseo University)

(source : Turkic languages, Wikipedia, 인용출처: 필자의 네이버 블로그(lainfos), 카테고리, 튀르크어)

 

IV. Magpie (까치)에 대한 자료

 

까치는 한국인에게는 특별한 새이다. 까치 까치 설날은 어저께고요, 우리 우리 설날은 오늘이래요 하는 동요도 있고,  까치를 한국에서는 길조라 한다.  견우와 직녀의 오작교 설화도 있다. 그래서 자료를 찾아 보니, 까치는 매우 영리한 새이며, 한국의 국조이며, 중국에도, 일본에도, 베트남에도 견우 직녀의 설화가 있었다. (아래 위키피디아 자료 참조) 

 

 

Eurasian magpie(Pica Pica) (source:  wikipedia)

 

Human interactions

Cultural references

See also: Eurasian magpie § Relationship with humans, and Black-billed magpie § Relationship with humans

East Asia

In East Asian cultures, the magpie is a very popular bird and is a symbol of good luck and fortune.

The magpie is a common subject in Chinese paintings. It is also often found in traditional Chinese poetry and couplets. In addition, in Chinese folklore, all the magpies of the Qixi Festival every year will fly to the Milky Way and form a bridge, where the separated Cowherd and Weaver Girl will meet. The Milky Way is like a river, and the Cowherd and Weaver Girl refer to the famous α-Aquilae and α-Lyrae of modern Astronomy, respectively. For this reason, the magpie bridge has come to symbolize a relationship between men and women.

 

Magpies have an important place in the birth myth of Ai Xinjue Luo Bukuri Yushun, the ancestor of the Qing dynasty.

 

The magpie is a national bird of Korea and a symbol of its capital Seoul.[11]

 

(source : Magpie, wikipedia, 인용출처 : 필자의 티스토리 블로그(lostcorea), 카테고리, Kievan Rus')

 

서양에서는 까마귀가 길조이며, 까치는 잡식성 새이므로 그렇게 깨끗한 새라 여기지 않는다.  그런데 한국에서는 까마귀를 흉조라 여기지만, 고구려의 삼족오는 분명 까마귀를 말하고 있다. 까마귀를 길조라 여기는 서양에서, 까치의 강 이름을 가지는 이 흑해 위의 지역은 분명 튀르크의 역사가 있는 곳이며, 튀르크는 고구려를 가리킬 수 있다.

필자는 Gokturk를 돌궐이 아닌 고구려라 추정했는데 (아래 글 참조), 이에 대해 논문을 쓴  한국인이 있었다. Gokturk와 고구려를 비교하며, Gokturk가 고구려와 비슷하다는 내용이라 한다. (아래 자료 참조)

 

"Many historians also point out a close non-linguistic relationship between Turkic peoples and Koreans.[57] Especially close were the relations between the Göktürks and Goguryeo.[58] "

[출처] <펌>Turkic languages 인용출처: 필자의 네이버 블로그(lainfos), 카케고리, 튀르크어)

 

주 57.  Babayar, Gaybullah (2004). "On the ancient relations between the Turkic and Korean peoples" (PDF). Journal of Turkic Civilization Studies (1): 151–155. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 July 2019. Retrieved 24 April 2019.

 

주 58. Tae-Don, Noh (2016). "Relations between ancient Korea and Turkey: An examination of contacts between Koguryŏ and the Turkic Khaganate". Seoul Journal of Korean Studies. 29 (2): 361–369. doi:10.1353/seo.2016.0017. hdl:10371/164838. ISSN 2331-4826. S2CID 151445857. Archived from the original on 24 April 2019. Retrieved 24 April 2019.

 

 

https://lainfos.tistory.com/181

Gokturk (고(高)씨 튀르크 ?)는 고구려인가?

 

 

V. 결 론

 

 

이상으로 살펴 본 바에 의하면 흑해위에 까치의 강, 작수(鵲水), Saksagan river가 있던 것으로 추정된다. 이는 한자 작수를 작수로 읽는 한국인들의 역사로 말할 수 있다. 즉 흑해위에 태봉의 수도 철원이 있었다는 추정에 더욱 힘을 실어 주며, 또한 흑해위에 Old Great Bulgaria가 고구려의 말기 역사(아래 글 참조)라는 것에 더욱 힘을 실어 준다고 하겠다. 또한 Gokturk역사가 고구려 역사라는 추정도 더욱 힘을 얻는 것이다. 바로 이전에 본 블로그에 올린 글, '아틸라제국과 고구려'라는 글도 흑해위에 고구려의 역사가 있는 것을 보여 주는데, 본 글과 궤를 같이 하는 것이다. 앞으로 Turkic peoples에 대해 보다 깊은 연구가 필요함을 말해 준다. 어쩌면 이들이 모두 한국사와 연관된 사람들인지도 모르기 때문이다. 

 

https://lostcorea.tistory.com/1645

흑해 위 Old Great Bulgaria(632-668)는 고구려 말기 역사의 일부이다

 

 

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참고자료 :  Turkic languages (source : Wikipedia)

 

"Turkic languages show many similarities with the Mongolic, Tungusic, Koreanic, and Japonic languages. These similarities have led some linguists (including Talât Tekin) to propose an Altaic language family, though this proposal is widely rejected by historical linguists.[7][8] Similarities with the Uralic languages even caused these families to be regarded as one for a long time under the Ural-Altaic hypothesis.[9][10][11] However, there has not been sufficient evidence to conclude the existence of either of these macrofamilies. The shared characteristics between the languages are attributed presently to extensive prehistoric language contact.....

 

Characteristics[edit]

 

See also: Altaic languages

 

 

Turkic languages speaking areas

 

Turkic languages are null-subject languages, have vowel harmony (with the notable exception of Uzbek due to strong Persian-Tajik influence and Karaim where vowel harmony has been replaced by consonantal harmony under Slavic pressure[12]), converbs, extensive agglutination by means of suffixes and postpositions, and lack of grammatical articles, noun classes, and grammatical gender. Subject–object–verb word order is universal within the family. In terms of the level of vowel harmony in the Turkic language family, Tuvan is characterized as almost fully harmonic whereas Uzbek is the least harmonic or not harmonic at all. Taking into account the documented historico-linguistic development of Turkic languages overall, both inscriptional and textual, the family provides over one millennium of documented stages as well as scenarios in the linguistic evolution of vowel harmony which, in turn, demonstrates harmony evolution along a confidently definable trajectory[13] Though vowel harmony is a common characteristic of major language families spoken in Inner Eurasia (Mongolic, Tungusic, Uralic and Turkic), the type of harmony found in them differ from each other, specifically, Uralic and Turkic have a shared type of vowel harmony (called palatal vowel harmony) whereas Mongolic and Tungusic represent a different type.

 

History[edit]

 

See also: Proto-Turkic language, Old Turkic, Turkic peoples, and Turkic migration

 

Pre-history[edit]

 

The homeland of the Turkic peoples and their language is suggested to be somewhere between the Transcaspian steppe and Northeastern Asia (Manchuria),[14] with genetic evidence pointing to the region near South Siberia and Mongolia as the "Inner Asian Homeland" of the Turkic ethnicity.[15] Similarly several linguists, including Juha Janhunen, Roger Blench and Matthew Spriggs, suggest that modern-day Mongolia is the homeland of the early Turkic language.[16] Relying on Proto-Turkic lexical items about the climate, topography, flora, fauna, people's modes of subsistence, Turkologist Peter Benjamin Golden locates the Proto-Turkic Urheimat in the southern, taiga-steppe zone of the Sayan-Altay region.[17]

 

Extensive contact took place between Proto-Turks and Proto-Mongols approximately during the first millennium BC; the shared cultural tradition between the two Eurasian nomadic groups is called the "Turco-Mongol" tradition. The two groups shared a similar religion system, Tengrism, and there exists a multitude of evident loanwords between Turkic languages and Mongolic languages. Although the loans were bidirectional, today Turkic loanwords constitute the largest foreign component in Mongolian vocabulary.[18]

 

Italian historian and philologist Igor de Rachewiltz noted a significant distinction of the Chuvash language from other Turkic languages. According to him, the Chuvash language does not share certain common characteristics with Turkic languages to such a degree that some scholars consider it an independent Onoguric (Bulgharic) family similar to Uralic and Turkic languages. Turkic classification of Chuvash was seen as a compromise solution for the classification purposes.[19]

 

Some lexical and extensive typological similarities between Turkic and the nearby Tungusic and Mongolic families, as well as the Korean and Japonic families has in more recent years been instead attributed to prehistoric contact amongst the group, sometimes referred to as the Northeast Asian sprachbund. A more recent (circa first millennium BC) contact between "core Altaic" (Turkic, Mongolic, and Tungusic) is distinguished from this, due to the existence of definitive common words that appear to have been mostly borrowed from Turkic into Mongolic, and later from Mongolic into Tungusic, as Turkic borrowings into Mongolic significantly outnumber Mongolic borrowings into Turkic, and Turkic and Tungusic do not share any words that do not also exist in Mongolic.

 

 

 

 Old Turkic Kul-chur inscription with the Old Turkic alphabet (c. 8th century). Töv Province, Mongolia

 

Turkic languages also show some Chinese loanwords that point to early contact during the time of Proto-Turkic.[20]

 

Early written records[edit]

 

 

 

The 10th-century Irk Bitig ("Book of Divination") from Dunhuang, written in Old Uyghur language with the Orkhon script, is an important literary source for early Turko-Mongol mythology.

 

The first established records of the Turkic languages are the eighth century AD Orkhon inscriptions by the Göktürks, recording the Old Turkic language, which were discovered in 1889 in the Orkhon Valley in Mongolia. The Compendium of the Turkic Dialects (Divânü Lügati't-Türk), written during the 11th century AD by Kaşgarlı Mahmud of the Kara-Khanid Khanate, constitutes an early linguistic treatment of the family. The Compendium is the first comprehensive dictionary of the Turkic languages and also includes the first known map of the Turkic speakers' geographical distribution. It mainly pertains to the Southwestern branch of the family.[21]

The Codex Cumanicus (12th–13th centuries AD) concerning the Northwestern branch is another early linguistic manual, between the Kipchak language and Latin, used by the Catholic missionaries sent to the Western Cumans inhabiting a region corresponding to present-day Hungary and Romania. The earliest records of the language spoken by Volga Bulgars, the parent to today's Chuvash language, are dated to the 13th–14th centuries AD.

 

Geographical expansion and development[edit]

 

 

 

Yuan dynasty Buddhist inscription written in Old Uyghur language with Old Uyghur alphabet on the east wall of the Cloud Platform at Juyong Pass

 

 

With the Turkic expansion during the Early Middle Ages (c. 6th–11th centuries AD), Turkic languages, in the course of just a few centuries, spread across Central Asia, from Siberia to the Mediterranean. Various terminologies from the Turkic languages have passed into Persian, Urdu, Ukrainian, Russian,[22] Chinese, Mongolian, Hungarian and to a lesser extent, Arabic.[23][verification needed]

 

The geographical distribution of Turkic-speaking peoples across Eurasia since the Ottoman era ranges from the North-East of Siberia to Turkey in the West.[24] (See picture in the below)

 

 

Turkic languages distribution map (source : wikipedia)

 

 

For centuries, the Turkic-speaking peoples have migrated extensively and intermingled continuously, and their languages have been influenced mutually and through contact with the surrounding languages, especially the Iranian, Slavic, and Mongolic languages.[25]

This has obscured the historical developments within each language and/or language group, and as a result, there exist several systems to classify the Turkic languages. The modern genetic classification schemes for Turkic are still largely indebted to Samoilovich (1922).[citation needed]

 

The Turkic languages may be divided into six branches:[26]

• Common Turkic
• Southwestern (Oghuz Turkic)
• Southeastern (Karluk Turkic)
• Northwestern (Kipchak Turkic)
• Northeastern (Siberian Turkic)
• Arghu Turkic
• Oghur Turkic

 

In this classification, Oghur Turkic is also referred to as Lir-Turkic, and the other branches are subsumed under the title of Shaz-Turkic or Common Turkic. It is not clear when these two major types of Turkic can be assumed to have diverged.[27]

 

With less certainty, the Southwestern, Northwestern, Southeastern and Oghur groups may further be summarized as West Turkic, the Northeastern, Kyrgyz-Kipchak, and Arghu (Khalaj) groups as East Turkic.[28]

 

Geographically and linguistically, the languages of the Northwestern and Southeastern subgroups belong to the central Turkic languages, while the Northeastern and Khalaj languages are the so-called peripheral languages.

Hruschka, et al. (2014)[29] use computational phylogenetic methods to calculate a tree of Turkic based on phonological sound changes.

 

...........................

Other possible relations[edit]

 

The Turkic language family is currently regarded as one of the world's primary language families.[10] Turkic is one of the main members of the controversial Altaic language family, but Altaic currently lacks support from a majority of linguists. None of the theories linking Turkic languages to other families have a wide degree of acceptance at present. Shared features with languages grouped together as Altaic have been interpreted by most mainstream linguists to be the result of a sprachbund.[53]

 

Rejected or controversial theories[edit]

 

Korean[edit]

 

The possibility of a genetic relation between Turkic and Korean, independently from Altaic, is suggested by some linguists.[54][55][56] The linguist Kabak (2004) of the University of Würzburg states that Turkic and Korean share similar phonology as well as morphology. Li Yong-Sŏng (2014)[55] suggest that there are several cognates between Turkic and Old Korean. He states that these supposed cognates can be useful to reconstruct the early Turkic language. According to him, words related to nature, earth and ruling but especially to the sky and stars seem to be cognates.

 

The linguist Choi[56] suggested already in 1996 a close relationship between Turkic and Korean regardless of any Altaic connections:

In addition, the fact that the morphological elements are not easily borrowed between languages, added to the fact that the common morphological elements between Korean and Turkic are not less numerous than between Turkic and other Altaic languages, strengthens the possibility that there is a close genetic affinity between Korean and Turkic.

— Choi Han-Woo, A Comparative Study of Korean and Turkic (Hoseo University)

 

 

Many historians also point out a close non-linguistic relationship between Turkic peoples and Koreans.[57] Especially close were the relations between the Göktürks and Goguryeo.[58]

Uralic[edit]

Some linguists suggested a relation to Uralic languages, especially to the Ugric languages. This view is rejected and seen as obsolete by mainstream linguists. Similarities are because of language contact and borrowings mostly from Turkic into Ugric languages. Stachowski (2015) states that any relation between Turkic and Uralic must be a contact one.[59]

(source: Turkic languages, Wikipedia, 인용출처: 필자의 네이버 블로그(lainfos), 카테고리, 튀르크어)